Conquest 100 – Online Manual
1. Overview
This manual references embedded software version V2 R3. This number can be found from the swipe down menu (Section 4.1).
Conquest 100 is an integrated ground penetrating radar (GPR) system specifically designed to meet the needs of the concrete inspection industry. The system consists of the Display Unit, Sensor Head, cable, survey grids, battery and battery charger/AC adapter. Optional items include a resizable handle for the Sensor Head, harness, Wireless Trigger, extra battery and a desktop battery charger.
The PCD (Power Cable Detector) feature uses an additional sensor built into the Conquest Sensor Head to detect and image current-carrying cables inside or beneath the concrete. The PCD data are collected at the same time as the GPR data so there is no additional effort required by the operator.
Conquest 100 is also available in an Enhanced configuration. The chart below summarizes the differences between the two configurations:
Online training videos for the Conquest 100 can be found on Sensors & Software’s website at:
https://www.sensoft.ca/training-events/training/conquest-100/
2. Principles of Operation
The Conquest system uses ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology to image concrete and other similar materials (soil, rock, asphalt, etc.). GPR systems emit a high frequency radio wave pulse and detect the echoes that return from objects within the material. The concept is shown in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1: The Conquest Sensor Head transmits GPR signals into concrete and collects the signals that reflect from rebar, conduits and other targets embedded inside
2.1 Line Scans Crossing Targets Perpendicularly
Conquest detects rebar and conduits which are generally rod-like in shape. The sensor should cross perpendicular to the long axis of the feature, i.e. it should cross the feature at 90° (Figure 2-2). When the sensor crosses a target, the result is the typical “hyperbolic” or inverted “V” response. The point (apex) of the hyperbola gives the position and depth of the feature, as shown in Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-2: The red arrow represents the path of the sensor, crossing the rebar or conduit at 90°.
Figure 2-3: Crossing a rebar perpendicularly produces hyperbolas in the GPR Line image. The location of a target corresponds to the top or apex of the hyperbola, as shown by the red arrows
2.2 Line Scans Running Parallel to Targets
Moving parallel to (or directly on top of) the subsurface feature (Figure 2-4) results in a constant flat line in the data image (Figure 2-5). Other features such as layers and the bottom of concrete will also appear as flat responses.
Figure 2-4: The red arrow represents the path of the sensor, running on top of a rebar or conduit.
Figure 2-5: The image shows a flat response from the top of a rebar running in the same direction as the Line Scan. The flat response from the bottom of concrete is also indicated. The data image also contains 3 hyperbolas produced by crossing rebar perpendicularly
2.3 Concrete Cal
The “Concrete Cal” parameter is a measure of the velocity with which the radar signals travel through the concrete. The Concrete Cal is determined automatically based on the shape and positioning of hyperbolas. An accurate Concrete Cal is required for reliable depth estimates and depth slice images.
The user must set the Concrete Cal at each site for accurate depth measurements See Section 6.8.6. This can be determined once some GPR Lines have been acquired. Crossing the target perpendicularly is important to ensure an accurate Concrete Cal value.
The Concrete Cal number typically varies from 85 to 130 depending on moisture content, percentage of air entrapment, addition of fly ash or other admixtures and the aggregate size.
2.4 Grid Scan Collection
A Conquest Grid Scan consists of collecting a series of parallel lines in both directions on a grid (Figure 2-6). The lines labeled 1 to 7 are called “Numeric” lines, and lines labeled A to G are called “Alpha” lines. The origin (0, 0) of the grid is located in the lower left corner; the intersection of lines A and 1.
Figure 2-6: Grid Scans are based on collecting multiple line scans in two directions on a grid.
Once a grid is collected, the data can be processed to create a series of depth slices. Conquest displays 1 inch (25mm) thick depth slice images moving through the data volume from top to bottom (Figure 2-7).
Figure 2-7: The concept of grid scanning with Conquest. Collecting a grid of data results in a data cube or 3D volume that is visualized as a series of 25mm (1 inch) thick depth slices.
2.5 Limitations
Before using the Conquest system, keep in mind that Conquest will not solve every problem that you will face.
2.5.1 New Concrete
Conquest will not work effectively on very new concrete. When concrete is very fresh, it is extremely conductive and absorbs the signals that the Conquest system emits and does not allow penetration to substantial depths. Depending on the concrete mix and local conditions, curing can take several weeks. As a result, the use of Conquest in the early stages of concrete construction has to be considered experimental until the concrete is adequately cured.
2.5.2 Concrete with Metal
In some situations, concrete may be covered by metal or contain a very fine screen mesh. This can happen in a plastered wall or in a terrazzo floor. In these cases, the metal screen acts like a perfect mirror for the radio signals emitted by the Conquest sensor. All the signals are reflected back and nothing will penetrate into the subsurface. At such sites, Conquest will not be effective for subsurface imaging.
Some slab-on-grade concrete floors contain fine steel fibers for crack control. The results of Conquest surveys on these floors vary with the amount and distribution of the metal. Basically, the more metal fibers, the poorer the penetration and overall results.
2.5.3 Penetration Depth
GPR uses radio waves to image the subsurface. These waves are strongly absorbed by the material being scanned. The electrical conductivity of the material dictates how deep signals will penetrate. Concrete can be highly variable depending on the original mix and state of wetting. Figure 2-8 shows how the depth of penetration can vary with concrete type.
Figure 2-8: Concrete absorbs GPR signals and generally limits penetration to about 24” (0.6 m).
There is a finite limit on the concrete thickness that can be measured with GPR. Experience indicates that approximately 24” (0.6 m) of concrete is the limit of exploration under good conditions. In most practical scenarios, the presence of rebar or wire mesh, as well as the constituents of concrete (aggregate, admixtures, and air entrainment) will often result in penetration that is slightly lower than 24”
2.6 Power Cable Detection (PCD) Principles
Conquest 100 uses two technologies when imaging concrete for embedded objects: GPR and a device for detecting current-carrying wires (Figure 2-9) called the Power Cable Detector (PCD).
The PCD sensor maps the location of current-carrying cables by detecting the magnetic field created by AC current flowing (Figure 2-9) at 60 Hz (North America, parts of South America, Philippines) or 50 Hz (Europe, Asia, Australia). Ensure this setting matches the standard for the country you are in.
Like the GPR itself, PCD responses show up best when crossing the target perpendicularly (Figure 2-10). When collecting a Line Scan (Figure 2-11) or a Grid Scan (Figure 2-12), both GPR and PCD data are collected and displayed simultaneously.
Figure 2-9: Depiction of the magnetic field created by AC current flowing in a wire.
Figure 2-10: Conquest detects the current-carrying cable best when crossing it perpendicularly.
Figure 2-11: In Line Scan mode, the PCD profile appears under the GPR Line image. The PCD profile also appears after collecting each line in a Grid Scan.
With Grid Scan data, the PCD responses from all the grid lines are combined together to generate a map image of the magnetic field strength at the surface caused by flowing current (Figure 2-12). This image determines the position and location of the target but, unlike GPR depth slices, there is only one PCD image and it is not possible to measure how deep a target is based only on its PCD response.
Figure 2-12: After Grid Scan data have been processed into depth slice images, the PCD image can also be displayed.
2.6.1 PCD Responses
The magnetic field generated by current flowing in wires can be simple or highly contorted depending on how the wires are oriented. Examples of simple and twisted wires are shown in Figure 2-13. The strength of the PCD response is affected by:
1. Amount of current in the wire: Typically a wire needs a minimum of 2 Amps of current to be detectable. If the amount of current in the wire is very small, the PCD response may be very weak or not detectable.
2. Depth of the wire: If the wire is deep, the PCD response may be very weak or not detectable.
3. Orientation of the wires: Whether the wires are twisted, or if they have constant separation, will affect the PCD response.
Figure 2-13: The shape of the magnetic field generated can be simple or complex depending on whether the wires are straight, vertically or horizontally oriented, their spacing and the degree of twist.
These factors mean that a deep wire with little current will not be detectable.
PCD can only detect 50 or 60 Hz AC current; it cannot detect wires carrying DC current, like telephone, alarm and communication wires.
PCD responses in the GPR data don’t necessarily come from the ground. Overhead wires or nearby transformers can appear in the PCD response if the current is high enough.
2.7 Construction Practice
Before starting any work, you should obtain information about any construction practice that can help in your interpretation of the Conquest results. Remember that construction plans and drawings are just that: design plans! In construction, the implementation can deviate from the plan. Do not be surprised when your Conquest results show some differences from your expectations. This is a common occurrence.
2.8 Further GPR knowledge
While this manual explains operation of your Conquest 100 system, knowing GPR theory and principles will help in making your scanning successful. Sensors & Software’s website (www.sensoft.ca) contains a wealth of information, case studies and support.
Click here to visit the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) page on our website to learn more topics, such as:
1. Basic GPR Theory
2. How deep can GPR see?
3. What creates GPR Reflections
4. How do I select a GPR frequency?
5. How can velocity be extracted from hyperbolas?
3. Assembling Conquest
3.1 Basic Assembly
Follow the steps below to assemble the Conquest 100 unit:
3.1.1 Open the shipping case
The components are shown in Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1: Conquest 100 components in the carrying case.
3.1.2 Unpack the Components
Remove all the system components and ensure all items are present (Figure 3-2).
Figure 3-2: Conquest 100 Base system components
3.1.3 Connect Cable to Display Unit
Connect the male end of the standard yellow sensor cable to the port on the back of the Display Unit (Figure 3-3). Ensure that the connection “clicks” into place so it cannot be disconnected without squeezing the clips on either side of the connector.
Figure 3-3: Sensor cable connection to the Display Unit
3.1.4 Connect Cable to the Sensor Head
Connect the other (female) end of the yellow sensor cable to the Sensor Head in a similar manner. Note that the receptacle is under the handle grip (Figure 3-4).
Figure 3-4: Sensor cable connection to the Sensor Head
Insert Battery into Display Unit
Conquest 100 uses a Lithium-Ion battery with an external “Battery Level” button to indicate the current level of battery charge.
Note: When using the battery for the first time, be aware that the battery is shipped from the factory at about 50% capacity in a “transport” state for increased safety. The battery and battery level button will not work until the battery has been initialized by either:
a) Inserting the battery into the Display Unit and then plugging the Battery Charger/AC Adapter into an AC source and connecting it to the Display Unit, or
b) Connecting the battery to the optional desktop charger.
The battery can be used immediately after initializing it but with a capacity of 50%, it won’t last as long. It is best to fully charge the battery before use.
Figure 3-5: Battery with Battery Level Indicator
Any long term storage of the battery (weeks not days) should be done with the battery at approximately 50-75% capacity.
See Section 13.2 for more information about the battery.
Insert the battery into the battery compartment on the right side of the Display Unit. Loosen (do NOT remove) the 2 thumbscrews until the door can swing open and insert the battery. The battery compartment is keyed with rounded corners so the battery can only go in the right way. Insert the battery such that the battery tab remains out (this is so you can easily remove the battery), as shown in Figure 3-6. Close the battery compartment door and tighten the thumb screws.
Figure 3-6: Inserting the battery into the Display Unit. The compartment has rounded corners on one side to match the shape of the battery.
3.1.5 Charging the Battery
To charge the battery, insert it into the Display Unit and connect the Battery Charger/AC Adapter to the 3-pin connector on the back of the Display Unit (Figure 3-7). The light on the back of the Display Unit indicates if the battery is charging (orange) or charged (green).
The battery can also be plugged into the optional desktop charger.
The Conquest 100 system can be used while the battery is being charged (for details, see (See Section 13.2).
Figure 3-7: Connecting the Battery Charger / AC Adapter to the Display Unit. The light beside the connector is colored orange when charging and green when fully charged.
3.2 Optional Accessories
There are some optional accessories to make surveying easier and more comfortable.
Figure 3-8: Available optional items include a resizable handle & harness
3.2.1 Resizable Collapsible Handle
The optional handle allows the operator to stand up during data collection on floors.
The long handle consists of 3 threaded pieces (Figure 3-9) screwed together by hand. A shorter handle can be made by leaving out the middle piece.
Figure 3-9: The optional resizable handle to the Sensor Head allows data collection to be performed from a standing position.
To connect the handle to the Sensor Head, slightly retract the 2 spring-loaded knobs on the end of the handle forks, align with the two holes at the back of the Sensor Head and release them to lock into position (Figure 3-10). Ensure that the cable remains below the handle to avoid stressing it.
Figure 3-10: The 2 spring-loaded knobs on the forks of the handle are typically inserted into the holes at the back of the Sensor Head.
There is an additional set of handle mounting holes at the front of the Sensor Head which are used under unique circumstances such as scanning a vertical surface, or in confined spaces when pulling the Sensor Head towards the user may be preferable to pushing it (Figure 3-11).
Figure 3-11: The handle can also be attached to the Sensor Head using the holes in the front. This mounting position can make it easier to scan walls or complete surveys in situations where pulling the Sensor Head is preferable to pushing it.
Secure the cable to the handle using the Velcro straps. Ensure there is enough slack in the cable that, as the handle moves up and down, it does not strain the cable or the connector.
3.2.2 Carry Harness
For convenience during data collection, the Display Unit can be carried using the optional harness shown in Figure 3-12.
Figure 3-12: The Display Unit can be attached to the optional harness for operating the system.
The clips on the harness connect to the rings in the four corners of the Display Unit. The longer straps go over the shoulders and the short straps go under the arms. Adjust the length of the straps for comfort.
3.2.3 Deluxe Harness
The Deluxe Harness allows the operator to easily mount the Display Unit at a comfortable, fixed viewing angle for ease of operation. The harness resembles a vest which is pulled over the body (Figure 3-13).
Figure 3-13: Deluxe harness
3.2.4 Conquest Transducer Cable (1.75m)
A shorter cable (1.75m) may be more convenient when using the Conquest 100 system with the handle and harness.
3.2.5 Battery Pack
An extra battery (Figure 3-14) would be useful for long days, where AC power is not available.
Figure 3-14: Conquest 100 Battery Pack
3.2.6 Desk Charging Station
The optional Desk Charging Station provides a method of charging the battery without having to insert it into the Display Unit and connect the Battery Charger/AC Adapter (Figure 3-15).
3.2.7 Wireless Trigger
A Wireless trigger can be used to start and stop the system (Figure 3-16). This is especially useful when standing up and using the handle (but without the harness). Wireless Trigger operation is described in Section 5.1.8.
Figure 3-16: Wireless Trigger (L) and attached to the handle (R) Battery
3.3 Display Unit
Data collection is controlled by the Display Unit. The Display Unit has embedded software to set survey parameters and collect, display and store data
The Display Unit offers touchscreen operation, as well as a water-resistant membrane keypad with a number of buttons that can be pressed to perform various tasks. All standard operations can be done using the keypad while some specialized functions can only be done with the touchscreen.
3.3.1 Keypad Buttons
Use the following table as a guide to working with the keypad on the Display Unit:
3.3.2 Power Button and Lights
Under the 8 yellow buttons is a red power button used to turn the system on and off. The light above the button changes colors as the system boots up and also indicates battery power level during operation See Section 3.5.1
Figure 3-17: The Display Unit
3.3.3 USB port
The Display Unit saves data to internal memory. Data can be transferred to a PC for post processing and report writing.
Figure 3-18: The Display Unit has a USB port for data export.
To transfer data from the Display Unit to a PC, insert a USB 2.0-compatible drive (memory stick) into the USB port on the right side of the Display Unit (Figure 3-18). Once the USB drive is recognized, the user is prompted to confirm they would like to copy the data.
The USB port is also used to update the Display Unit software See Section 13.5. When a USB drive with a new embedded software installation is inserted, the user is prompted to confirm they would like to update the software.
3.4 Sensor Head
3.4.1 Features
• Housing: Contains the GPR transmitter, receiver and PCD electronics.
• Odometer: integrated, spring-loaded, 2-wheeled odometer for triggering data collection.
• Skid pad: a replaceable wear-pad to protect the bottom of the Sensor Head from abrasion.
• Handle Holes: two sets of holes (front and back) for attaching the handle.
• Sensor Keypad: for remote control of data collection (Figure 3-20).
• Speaker: for the Conquest operator to hear audio “beeps” indicating the start and end of the line.
• Alignment Arrows: The Sensor Head has a red dot with lines and arrows drawn to the front, back and sides in the center of the unit. Positions on Conquest Line and Grid Scans are always based on the center of the Sensor Head, so the dot and arrows are important for lining up the Sensor Head properly at the start of a line (Figure 3-16).
Figure 3-19: The Sensor Head has a red dot in the center with 4 arrows drawn across the top and down the sides in each direction. These arrows help to properly align the Sensor Head for data collection.
3.4.2 Sensor Keypad
Figure 3 20: The Sensor Head keypad.
Enter Button: Pressing the Enter button will start data collection in Line Scan and Grid Scan modes. Pressing Enter again will stop data collection. In Grid Scan mode, data collection will stop automatically when you reach the end of the line, but you can end a line prematurely by pressing Enter.
Left Light: The light beside the Enter button is solid green after the Sensor Head is powered on. A flashing green light after the system has fully booted up indicates a problem with the system.
Right Light: The light beside the Star (*) is off but turns solid red during data collection.
Star (*) Button: Pressing the Star (*) button will put a flag in the data during Line Scan collection.
Arrows:The 4-way directional arrows are used anytime the screen requires this type of movement, for example, changing the selected line in Grid Mode.
3.5 Powering Conquest
3.5.1 Powering Up
After the system is completely assembled, power it up by pressing the red power button on the front of the Display Unit.
When the system is powered by battery, the light on the front of the Display Unit will illuminate green as the system boots up. Once it boots up, the color of the light will depend on the current battery charge:
• 100% to 20% = green
• 20% to 10% = orange
• 10% to 0% = red
When the system is powered by the AC Adapter, the light on the front of the Display Unit will illuminate red at first and then orange as the system boots up and remain orange until the system is powered down.
As the Sensor Head is initialized, it will beep and the lights on the Sensor Head keypad will flash several times. When the main menu appears on the Display Unit, the system is powered up and ready to collect data.
There are certain conditions when the user will be forced to do a Sensor Calibration on bootup. These are:
• A different Sensor Head is connected to the Display Unit
• After an embedded software update
• User resets to factory defaults See Section 5.1.12
The procedure for the Sensor Calibration is described in See Section 5.2.7.
The Sensor head MUST be connected to the Display Unit for the Sensor Calibration. Do NOT connect the Sensor Head after system power up has begun. Power down the system BEFORE connecting the Sensor Head cable; otherwise damage to the Sensor Head could result.
3.5.2 Powering Down
The system can be powered down at any time by pressing the red button on the front of the Display Unit. The user is prompted to confirm they would like to power down the system.
4. Main Screen
The first time you turn on Conquest 100, you will need to configure the system (Figure 4-1). A series of screen prompts will allow you to setup the language, units, date & time, and some other options. A reboot is required once this is complete. This will have to be done anytime the embedded software is updated (13.6).
Figure 4-1: Initial configuration screen
Every subsequent time the system boots up, you will see the main screen (Figure 4-2). If you have purchased (or upgraded to) the Conquest 100 Enhanced, you will see the screen in Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-2: Conquest 100 main menu
Figure 4-3: Conquest 100 Enhanced main menu
The differences between the two configurations are described in Section 1. Everything remains the same in the on-board software, except for the Enhanced system where the main screen will allow you to organize data into Projects. Within each Project, you can have a number of lines and/or grids.
With the Enhanced system, select the Project number to work in. Projects that contain data are in red color, whereas those with no data are in green. As you change Projects, the main screen will also display the number of lines and grids collected in each Project. These will appear under the Line Scan and Grid Scan buttons respectively.
4.1 Swipe Down menu
When the Display Unit is powered on, you can “swipe” your finger from the top of the screen towards the bottom, to bring up a drop-down menu with the following items:
Date and Time: The current date and time (12-hour clock) are displayed. The time needs to be changed for your local time zone.
Battery: The battery icon displays the amount of power remaining in the battery. If the Display Unit is connected to the battery charger, there will be a flash shown on the battery symbol.
Wi-Fi Network: Indicates if the system is connected to a wireless network and, if so, the name of the network.
Volume: The Volume + and – buttons are used to increase and decrease the sound.
Brightness: The Brightness + and – buttons are used to increase and decrease the screen brightness. Increasing the Brightness setting may improve the visibility of the screen in bright sunlight. Note, however, that increasing the screen brightness also increases power consumption, reducing battery life.
Figure 4-4 Swipe-Down menu
The version number of the embedded software is displayed in the top left corner.
To close the Swipe Down menu, touch anywhere on the screen below the Swipe Down menu.
5. Tools & Setup
Press Tools to enter this menu, shown in Figure 5-1. Here you can set preferences (Section 5.1), perform system tests (Section 5.2) and manage files (Section 5.3).
Figure 5-1: Tools menu
5.1 Preferences
Press Preferences to enter the sub-menu as shown in Figure 5-2. Each parameter is described below:
Figure 5-2 Setting Preferences
5.1.1 Language
Selecting this language will display the screen shown in Figure 5-3. The current language is displayed; pressing the + and – buttons on either side of the language will cycle between the languages currently available: English, French, Spanish, German, Japanese and Chinese. All text and functions will be displayed in that language.
Figure 5-3: Setting language and country/region
Note: If the language gets accidentally changed to something unfamiliar, pressing the following buttons from the main menu will bring you back to this option: 8 then 1 then 1. Then press + or – repeatedly until the desired language shows up.
Below that, the Country/Region is displayed. Press the + and – buttons on either side of the displayed Country/Region to alphabetically move to the next or previous country or region.
Alternatively, both Language and Country/Region can be changed by pressing the + and – buttons on the bottom of the screen. Press Back when you are done.
5.1.2 Units
Select desired units by pressing the US Standard or Metric button.
5.1.3 Date/Time
Selecting this option takes you to a screen where the date and time can be set. The time is manually set and will not automatically correct for daylight savings time.
5.1.4 Volume
Scroll bar for adjusting the volume of clicks and beeps heard during operation. This can also be changed by using the Swipe Down menu ( Section 4.1) anytime the system is not collecting data.
5.1.5 Brightness
Scroll bar for adjusting the brightness of the screen. This can also be changed by using the Swipe Down menu (Section 4.1) anytime the system is not collecting data. Note that increasing the brightness consumes more battery power.
5.1.6 Wi-Fi Network
Connecting to a wireless network allows you to send a screenshot as a mini-report to someone by e-mail. This connection can be through a standard Wi-Fi network or through a hotspot on your mobile device while in the field.
Note that Conquest 100 CANNOT connect to Public Hotspots (typically restaurants, hotels and airports) that require a web-based login and acceptance of their Terms & Conditions. It also CANNOT connect to unsecured networks (networks that do not require a password).
If you are already connected to a Wi-Fi network, the name of the network is listed beside the Wi-Fi Network field. Selecting Wi-Fi Networktakes you to a sub-menu (Figure 5-4) for connecting to available Wi-Fi networks.
Figure 5-4: Select from available Wi-Fi networks
Use the 4-way directional arrows or touchscreen to select the network. The color of the Network Name indicates the status:
The buttons at the bottom of the screen perform the functions described below:
o Connect – Select the desired network and press Connect. If the connection is successful (this can take a minute or so) a screen appears asking for the password for that network. If the network name is yellow (from a previous connection to this network), it will not ask for a password because it is a remembered network. Once it connects the Network Name will turn green.
o Forget – Use the Forget button to remove the password for connected or remembered networks (text in green or yellow). Once the ‘forget’ button is pressed on a selected network it will remove the password and the Network Name will turn white. You will also be disconnected if you are currently connected to that network.
o Scan – Scans for any available networks in the area and displays them in order of strength of signal. You may need to press this button a second time if you don’t see the network you are looking for.
o Details – Pressing this button displays the security settings and device addresses related to the selected network.
o Back – Press this button to return to the Preferences screen.
5.1.7 Email
Press E-mail to arrive at a sub-menu where you can setup and configure a sending e-mail address. Ensure that this e-mail address already exists. This is the sending account where messages will originate from. All mini-reports received by the recipient will appear to come from this account.
Using GMAIL
Using a Gmail address on the Display Unit requires “app specific password”. An app specific password is a 16 character randomly generated passcode that allows access to a portion of the overall Google account. These passwords can be deleted at any time if the user feels it has been compromised. Note that 2 factor authentication is required for the use of app specific passwords.
The following procedure details the steps required to enable and generate an app specific password:
1) Log into Google account on a desktop computer.
2) Click on the top right account icon and select Manage your Google Account
3) Select Security from the left menu
4) Scroll down to the Signing into Google section and turn on 2-Step Verification (if it is not already enabled). Follow the onscreen instructions to add/verify your phone number
5) Return to the Security menu and you should now find the App passwords option under Signing into Google. Click on App passwords.
6) Under “Select app” choose Mail, and under “Select device” choose Other and enter an appropriate name (i.e., DVL). Click Generate.
7) Use the generated 16-character password (without spaces) when configuring your Gmail account on the Display Unit:
Once you have made the changes in your Google account, continue below (Figure 5-5):
Figure 5-5 Using GMAIL as e-mail provider
•Press Username to display a keyboard where you can enter your GMAIL username only; you do not need to enter @gmail.com. Then press OK when done (Figure 5-6)
• Press Password to display a keyboard where you can enter your GMAIL password. Then press OK when done (Figure 5-6)
• Press Save when both Username and Password have been entered.
Figure 5-6 Entering e-mail address and password
If there are no warning messages, the e-mail address is setup properly and you are ready to e-mail mini-reports from the field. If this does not work, see the Failed Setup section below
Using Another Provider
To use another e-mail provider, press the + and – buttons under Provider until it says Custom. This will display the screen shown in Figure 5-7 allowing you to setup and configure a different e-mail provider:
Figure 5-7 Entering e-mail address and password for another e-mail provider
• Press Username to display a keyboard where you can enter the complete e-mail address, then press OK when done.
• Press Password to display a keyboard where you can enter the password, then press OK when done.
• Press Host Name to display a keyboard where you can enter the name of the server address handling the outgoing mail. See chart below for some common e-mail providers. If your provider is not listed, it can usually be found by searching online for “SMTP host name
• Press Server Port to display a keyboard where you can enter the port number used by the email server. Searching online for host name will usually provide the port number for that e-mail provider. In most cases, it’s usually 465 (if SSL is enabled, see next bullet point), or 587. See chart below for some examples. Press OK when done.
• Enable SSL – you can select On or Off on the display. SSL provides encryption security. Some e-mail providers require this set to ON. This will usually be indicated on the same online search page that was used above. See the chart below for examples.
• Press Save when all the information is entered and correct.
Below is the chart for some common e-mail providers:
If there are no warning messages, the e-mail address is setup properly and you are ready to e-mail mini-reports from the field.
Failed Setup
If setup failed, possible reasons include:
1. No-Wi-Fi connectivity
2. Email address or password was entered incorrectly – try re-entering these fields.
3. Hostname, port or SSL setting are incorrect
4. Your email security settings may need to be adjusted to a more permissive setting, which may require you to login to your e-mail account from a PC or mobile device.
5.1.8 Wireless Trigger
This option allows you to connect a wireless trigger, which can be used to collect data in Line and Grid Scan modes. The configuration screen is shown in Figure 5-8.
Figure 5-8: Wireless Trigger menu
Upon entering this menu, the system will scan for any Wireless Trigger devices. The color of the device name indicates the status:
• Green = Connected
• Orange = Paired previously, but not currently connected.
• White = Detected, but not connected
To turn the trigger on, press and hold the center button of the trigger. You will see a blue light flash once; the trigger is now on. The trigger will automatically shut down after a few moments of inactivity. At any time to confirm if the trigger is on or off, press the center button briefly. If the blue light flashes, then it’s already on.
To connect a device, it must first be paired to the Display Unit. To put the trigger in pairing mode, press and hold the small recessed button (Figure 5-9) on the back side using a pen or other sharp object until the blue light on the front starts flashing rapidly. The device is now in pairing mode.
Figure 5-9: Red arrow pointing to the button to put into pairing mode
Press Scan to re-scan for devices. Once it locates that device, it will indicate that it’s paired (Figure 5-10). The device will exit pairing mode if you don’t pair to it within about 30 seconds. You will need to put it into pairing mode again and re-try.
Figure 5-10: Paired to a device
Use the 4-way directional arrows or touchscreen to select that device, then press Connect (Figure 5-11).
Figure 5-11: Connected to a device
After connecting, the system will confirm connectivity by asking you to press a button on a device (Figure-5 12)
Figure 5-12: Confirming wireless trigger connection and operation.
The buttons at the bottom of the screen are explained in detail below:
o Scan – looks for any wireless trigger devices within range, and displays their status: Detected, Paired or Connected. In some cases, you may need to re-scan a second time to find devices.
o Connect – to connect a listed device, make sure the device status is Paired. Then select the device and press the Connect button. It will then ask you to press a button on the device to confirm a successful connection (Figure 5-12).
o Forget Device – will disconnect from device, forget its status and the name will turn white. To use this device, you will need to pair it again.
o Test – to confirm that everything is working, press this button. You will see a message on the screen to press a button on the wireless trigger device. If received on the Display Unit, a message will indicate that you are successful (Figure 5-12).
5.1.9 Screen Saver
A screen saver can be setup to turn off the Display Unit screen after a period of inactivity to save power. The Screen Saver can be set to turn the screen off after 1 minute, 5 minutes or never (OFF setting). Pressing this button cycles between those three options. When the screensaver is activated and the screen shuts off, touch anywhere on the screen to turn it back on again.
5.1.10 IEP – Image Enhancement Processing
The IEP option ensures that Conquest 100 always collects the highest quality data and displays the most accurate images. It should generally always be left on, unless advised by Sensors & Software. For this reason, IEP will always default to ON when Conquest is powered on. The IEP feature automatically and continuously tests the system for proper calibration during operation. If the system is ever found to be out of calibration, the user is immediately prompted to run the System Test for the Sensor (Section 5.2.7) and re-calibrate.
5.1.11 PCD Frequency/
Depending where you live, the power grid may be on 60 Hz (North America, parts of South America, Philippines) or 50 Hz (Europe, Asia, Australia). Ensure the PCD setting is set to the frequency in your location; the PCD feature will not work if the frequency is set incorrectly.
5.1.12 Reset to Defaults
There are three sequential screens that appear, each allowing you to reset or clear particular settings. For each screen you can select Yes or No, then move onto the next screen.
Preferences
This will reset all preferences back to the initial settings when the system was shipped (Figure 5-13).
Figure 5-13: First screen: Confirming preferences reset to default
E-mail and Wi-Fi Settings
The next screen will ask if you would like to remove the saved e-mail address and wireless settings (Figure 5-14).
Figure 5-14: Second screen: Clearing e-mail address and wi-fi information
Wireless Trigger Devices
The third screen will allow you to clear the list of paired Wireless Trigger devices (Figure 5-15).
Figure 5-15: Third screen: Clearing all paired Wireless Trigger devices
5.2 System Test
The System Test menu allows the user to perform certain tests to ensure proper operation of the Conquest 100 (Figure 5-16). Once in this menu, select the component to test then press Start. After completing a test there is an indication of whether the system passed or failed the test. Each test is described below in more detail.
Figure 5-16 System Test menu
5.2.1 System Information
System Information is the only option in System Test which is not actually a test. Here information such as the version, serial numbers, temperature and battery power are displayed (Figure 5-17).
Figure 5-17 System Information screen
• Export – If a USB key is currently inserted, pressing Export will export the System Log and Summary Files only
• Anonymous Usage Statistics – When this is set to ON and the user is connected to a wireless network, any system malfunctions will trigger an automatic notification to Sensors & Software. This is to help with gathering information about any system irregularities. As the name suggests, the notification is completely anonymous and no personal information is sent.
5.2.2 Touch Screen
The test checks proper operation of the touch screen (Figure 5-18). It allows you to test the screen (by pressing Test) or perform a quick calibration followed by a test (by pressing Calibrate). Both involve touching targets on the screen in the allotted time.
Figure 5-18: Touch Screen test
5.2.3 Display Keypad
The keypad test ensures that all buttons on the keypad are working. PressStart to begin the test which requires the user to press each button once, within a 20 second timeframe (Figure 5-19). Button images will disappear from the screen as they are pressed.
Once that is complete, a short LED test will ensue, which checks the proper operation of the LED.
Figure 5-19: Preparing to do the Keypad test
5.2.4 Sensor Keypad
This test will require the user to press all the buttons on the sensor keypad within a 20 second timeframe (Figure 5-20). Following that, it will also test the audio component and LED lights on the sensor, as per the directions on the screen.
Figure 5-20: Testing the Sensor keypad
5.2.5 Audio
This test ensures that the speaker is operating properly. After starting the test, you should hear a sound with an increasing pitch (Figure 5-21).
Figure 5-21 Audio Test
5.2.6 Odometer
This test will ask you to spin the yellow odometer wheel 5 times and then press the finish button to check proper operation of the odometer (Figure 5-22).
Figure 5-22: Running the Odometer Test
5.2.7 GPS Sensors
From time to time, it may be necessary to perform a sensor test. This test is mandatory on bootup if any situation exists as described in Section 3.5.1. This test calibrates the internal functions of the Sensor Head and ensures optimal performance (Figure 5-23). If there are any irregularities, the test will indicate failure. However, if the test passes, it doesn’t mean the system is working perfectly. A test line should be setup as a baseline, and results compared to the test line to validate proper performance and operation Section 12.9.
Figure 5-23: Running the GPR Sensor Test
Simply turn the Sensor Head such that it rests on the front (as shown in the image above) and follow the instructions. There should be no objects near the bottom of the Sensor Head, as this will affect the calibration results.
5.2.8 PCD Sensor
Ensures proper operation of the Power Cable Detector. The user will need the battery charger to be plugged in and connected to the display unit for this test. Lower the sensor head down on the battery charger and change the orientation of the sensor head with respect to the battery charger (Figure 5-24). A successful test will show the Field Strength varying with the movement of the sensor head, confirming proper operation. Press Stop then Exit when this has occurred.
Figure 5-24: Testing the PCD
5.3 File Management
Press File Management to enter this sub-menu. From here, the user can view screenshots, export data and delete all data. If you have the Conquest 100, you will see the image in Figure 5-25. If you have the Conquest 100 Enhanced, you will see the image in Figure 5-26.
Figure 5-25: File Management menu for Conquest 100
Figure 5-26: File Management menu for Conquest 100 Enhanced
A description of each of the buttons is given below:
5.3.1 Project-/+
Press the minus or plus buttons to change the active Project
5.3.2 Screenshot Gallery
Pressing this button allows the user to view all screenshots that were previously saved by
pressing the Camera button(Section 3.3.1). The display will show a Tile View of four screenshots per page (Figure 5-27). If there are more than four screenshots, swipe the screen from right to left to view the rest. The number of total screenshots is displayed at the bottom of the page. Alternatively, you can also use the Left and Right arrow keys on the 4-way directional keypad
Figure 5-27: Tile View in Screenshot Gallery
From this screen, the user has the following options:
• E-mail – pressing this button will e-mail the selected screenshot (provided you are connected to a wireless network and have setup an e-mail account to send from). You will be prompted to enter a destination e-mail address, or you may use the most recent one which will be listed by default.
• Expand – press this button to show the selected screenshot as a full screen image. On the subsequent screen, press Tile View to return to the screen displaying four screenshots per page.
• Delete – pressing this button will delete the displayed screenshot.
• Delete All – pressing this button will delete all the screenshots in the current Project.
• Exit – press this to exit the Screenshot Gallery and return to the File Management main menu.
5.3.3 Delete Project
Pressing this will delete all the data (including screenshots) in the current Project.
5.3.4 Export Data
Screenshots and data are always saved to the internal memory of the Display Unit. If a USB-drive (memory stick) is inserted into the USB port on the Display Unit, pressing the Export Data button will copy all the data files to the USB-drive. If no USB-drive is inserted, this option will be greyed-out
6. Line Scan
Line Scan data collection mode is useful for reconnaissance surveys to get an idea of what lies inside the concrete before starting a grid survey. Line Scan allows the operator to acquire data along a straight line and examine it as a cross-section image.
In Line Scan mode, the objectives are:
a) to obtain a sense of the site structure;
b) to assess the orientation of any rebar mats or conduits;
c) to get an idea of the depth of exploration.
To collect a Line Scan, select Line Scan from the main menu. If you have the Conquest 100 Enhanced, ensure you are in the Project you want to work in. You will see the screen in Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1: Line Scan menu
6.1 Selecting a line
To select the desired line, press the + and – buttons under Line Number on the bottom of the screen. Alternatively, pressing the line number button itself will show the screen in Figure 6-2. From here, you can go directly to any line number. If the line number is white, then that line is empty, whereas lines that already contain data are shown in red.
Figure 6-2: Input a line number to go directly to it
To collect data without saving it, press No Save Mode. Any data collected will NOT be saved, but screen shots can still be taken with the Camera button. These screen shots get placed in the currently selected project.
If the line number is white (Figure 6-1), Press Start to enter data acquisition. All data collected will be saved under this line number.
If the line number is shown in red (Figure 6-3), you will see the data preview on the right side of the screen. If it’s a long line, only the last part of the data will be shown. From this screen, you will have the following options available:
Figure 6-3: Line Scan menu showing a line previously collected
• View – press this button to review the previously collected line.
• Delete – pressing this will delete the line. It will prompt you to confirm before deleting.
6.2 Acquiring Data
From the Line Scan menu in Figure 6-1, there are 3 ways to start collecting data:
• Press Start on the Display Unit
• Press the Enter button on the Sensor Head
• Press the Wireless Trigger
The screen will change to the Line Scan data acquisition screen (Figure 6-4). The system beeps once and the red light by the star key on the Sensor Head turns on. You will see a depth scale along the left side of the screen. The position scale will be on the top once acquisition begins. The measurement units on these axes (Metric or US Standard) are based on the setting in the Preferences menu ((Section 5.1.2)).
Figure 6-4: Commencing data acquisition
As the Sensor Head is pushed along a straight line, the GPR Line image scrolls onto the screen from the right and moves to the left (Figure 6-5). The data will scroll as fast as you move. It is best to go at a uniform speed because irregular motion may reduce data quality.
Figure 6-5: The Line Scan screen. The Line Scan image is displayed with a position scale along the top, and a depth scale (based on the current Concrete Cal) on the left. The PCD response is plotted as a red graph underneath with the maximum scale value (in nT) displayed as a red number on the left. The DynaQ status is shown beneath that.
From Principles of Operation (Section 2)., you will have a sense of the information that you will see on the screen. Flat boundaries such as the bottom of the concrete will appear as flat bands and localized features such as rebar and conduits will appear as inverted V’s (hyperbolas).
6.3 PCD (Power Cable Detector) Response
The PCD response is displayed as a red graph under the Line Scan image. The PCD graph indicates the strength of the magnetic field produced by AC current flowing near the Sensor Head. Strong peaks may indicate the presence of a cable with flowing AC current.
The PCD scale is displayed in red below the PCD label. The units are nanoTesla (nT) and it defaults to 100. If the magnetic field exceeds the maximum scale during collection, it will scale automatically and the new maximum value will be displayed in red.
6.4 DynaQ Index Bar
Conquest uses DynaQ, an advanced patented technology that adjusts data quality as the Sensor Head movement speed varies. In most situations, moving the Sensor Head at a comfortable speed generates data of good quality. In situations where target resolution or maximum penetration depth is critical, moving slower increases data quality.
As the Line Scan data scrolls on the screen, the DynaQ Index Bar is displayed along the bottom of the screen (Figure 6-5).
The color of the bar indicates the quality of the data at that point along the line:
White = No Data (too fast!)
Yellow = moderate quality
Light blue = better quality
Dark Blue = highest quality
In general, avoid collecting data at extremely high rates of speed. The system senses if the Sensor Head is moved too quickly and will beep three times to indicate that a data quality issue has been detected.
6.5 Back-up Indicator
Line Scan mode incorporates a back-up feature to enable you to accurately locate targets and mark them on the ground. After acquiring some data on the screen, move the system backwards and crosshairs will appear over the collected data showing the current position of the Sensor Head (Figure 6-6).
Figure 6-6: Line Scan mode data display. Moving the Sensor Head backwards during data collection displays a Back-up indicator with crosshair, used to pinpoint the position and approximate depth of an object.
For example, if you pass an object in the concrete, simply roll the Sensor Head back along the same path until the vertical red line appears exactly over it. The object is located at the center of the Sensor Head (Figure 3-19). You can mark the position of the object on the surface and continue data collection. On the bottom of the screen, your horizontal position is indicated (top number), relative to the start of your line.
To determine the depth of an object, move the small horizontal crosshair up or down using the keypad buttons on the Display Unit, or just drag the crosshair up or down on the screen. Measure depth to the top of the highest band in the object response. Note: make sure you have done a Concrete Cal to ensure depth accuracy (Section 6.8.6).
Move the Sensor Head forward again and the arrow moves to the right. New data will not be collected until you reach the point where you stopped and backed up.
Note that the user can only scroll back the last 10m (33 feet), provided their zoom is set appropriately. To view or back-up the sensor more than 1 screen of data, you need to swipe from left to right. However, it is not advisable to back up too far when marking out objects, as it’s difficult to get the sensor back to the same location.
You can obtain depth and position anywhere on the Line Scan by touching the screen for about two seconds and releasing. A crosshair appears where you touched the screen, along with a dialog box displaying the position and depth. To get the position and depth information about a different point on the screen, simply drag the box or crosshair to the desired position (Figure 6-7).
Figure 6-7: Touching the screen for a second at a specific location in back-up mode shows the position and depth of that point. The crosshair can be dragged to any desired position on the screen
6.6 Flags
Flags can be added to the Line Scan image by pressing the Star (*) key on the Sensor Head or the Display Unit keypad during data collection (Figure 6-8). These are used to indicate significant positions on the line, for example, when crossing an object that is visible on the surface or the change from one surface material to a different one.
Figure 6-8: Pressing the * button while collecting Line Scan data plots a flag at that location in the data. Flags are sequentially numbered. Flags are used to indicate a significant position in the data, for example, a target or a place where the surface material changes.
Flags can be added when the Sensor Head is actively collecting data while being pushed forward or when using the Back-up Indicator. The flag is added at the exact position of the sensor head.
Flags are sequentially numbered, 1, 2, 3 etc. for each Line Scan.
6.7 Stopping Line Scan
There are three ways to stop the current Line Scan:
• Press the Stop button on the Display Unit
• Press the Enter key on the Sensor Head
• Press the Wireless Trigger
The Line Scan will also stop when you reach the maximum scan distance of 150’ (50m).
6.8 Line Scan Menu Options
During data collection or when a line scan is ended or opened for review, a menu appears along the bottom of the screen that allows the user to modify the current image. These menu options are explained below:
6.8.1 Start / Stop / Back
Start data collection (if stopped) and Stop data collection (if started). If you are stopped (or in review mode) and want to view data that has scrolled off the screen, use the left and right arrows on the keypad. If you are stopped, you can press the Back button at the bottom of the screen to exit Line Scan mode
6.8.2 Zoom (changing Depth and Position scales)
Pressing Zoom switches the menu at the bottom (Figure 6-9) allowing you to change the horizontal and vertical scaling of the data you are viewing.
• Depth: Conquest always collects to a depth of about 36” (90 cm). However, you may choose to display less depth to make targets easier to see. In general, it’s a good idea to set your displayed depth to 1.5 – 2 times the depth of your expected deepest target.
Figure 6-9: Menu seen when Zoom is pressed
Pressing + and – under the Depth button allows you the change the displayed depth. The pre-set values range from 12” to 36” (300mm to 1000mm). Figure 6-10 shows the effect of varying the depth value.
Figure 6-10: Varying depth
• Position – Pressing + and – under the Position button allows you to change the length of data display on a single screen. This is also known as horizontal scaling. The pre-set values range from 6’ to 30’ (2m to 10m). One reason for setting this value larger would be to fit more data on the screen and look for consistency among hyperbolas that were crossed. Figure 6-11 shows the effect of varying the position value.
Figure 6-11: Varying position, or horizontal scaling
6.8.3 Color
Pressing this button changes the color palette for the GPR Lines. There are 9 different color palette options
6.8.4 Filter
When the filter is on, flat-lying responses in the data (like the surface response described in (Section 2.2).) are filtered out so that shallow hyperbolic responses from objects like rebar and conduits are enhanced. It will also filter out other flat-lying responses, such as bottom of concrete, so be careful when using this option (Figure 6-12). The filter is set to OFF by default.
Figure 6-12: Left image shows Filter Off, while the right shows the same data with the Filter On
6.8.5 Gain
Gain is used to amplify the response to enhance weak features in the data image. Gain values vary from 1 to 8 with 1 meaning a minimal amplification has been applied and 8 meaning that maximum amplification has been applied. Pressing this button increments the gain; once you reach 8 it cycles back to 1. Avoid over-gaining the data as it can make interpretation difficult (Figure 6-13)
Figure 6-13: Gain is used to amplify the signal to enhance the weaker targets. The same GPR Line is displayed with gain values of 1, 3, 5, and 8. A gain of 1 is under-gained and you might miss something. A gain of 8 is over-gained and difficult to interpret.
6.8.6 Concrete Cal
An accurate Concrete Cal is critical for determining the depth of an object in the subsurface (Section 2.3 explains the rationale of doing Concrete Cal). You should adjust this value whenever you move to a different site (or different concrete pour). The last used Concrete Cal is displayed on the Concrete Cal button. Once you have collected data with one or more hyperbolas on the screen, press Concrete Cal; this can be done during data collection, back-up mode or when stopped. You will see the image in Figure 6-14
Figure 6-14: Concrete Cal menu
A red crosshair will appear on the screen, along with a dialog box showing the position and depth to the center of the crosshair. Once you have determined the Concrete Cal (see below), you can touch the screen and drag the crosshair to accurately determine the depth and position of any object.
The Concrete Cal can either be manually set by pressing Concrete Cal -/+ or set automatically
by pressing Auto Cal.
Pressing Auto Cal will analyze the hyperbolas on the screen and determine the proper Concrete Cal value. If you are satisfied with this value, press Apply and it will re-display with a new depth scale (Figure 6-14). If you don’t want to change the value, press Cancel instead.
Note: in most cases, the Concrete Cal value should typically be between 85 – 130.
You could manually set the Concrete Cal if you’ve verified the depth of the concrete or an object, by moving the crosshair to the top of that object response and adjusting the Concrete Cal until the depth indicator matches what you’ve measured (also known as ” ground-truthing”). Press Apply to accept this value and it will re-display with a new depth scale (Figure 6-15).
Figure 6-15: After you have adjusted the Concrete Cal, press Apply to accept the new value.
Lines should NOT be used for the Concrete Cal calculation if they have any of the following features:
1. Very shallow targets, less than 2” deep.
2. Targets that are not crossed at a 90° angle; crossing at an angle changes the shape of the hyperbola, resulting in a calibration value that is too high.
3. Data with no targets.
4. Complex data with multiple targets close together, where the hyperbolas overlap.>/p>
In these cases, the user should collect more lines to find a suitable one for determining the Concrete Cal and then manually apply that value to other Line Scans in the same area.
6.8.7 Interps
Short for field interpretation, Interps are used to mark subsurface features. Seven colors are available, which allow you to designate different types of subsurface objects.
Either during collection, back-up or review, you can simply touch anywhere on the screen to add an Interpretation (Figure 6-16). This appears as a dot of whatever color is selected. To change the color, press the Interp button to see a selection of colors and to select a new one (Figure 6-17).
To remove an Interp, ensure the same color is currently active and simply touch the dot to remove it. These Interps get exported as a .CSV file during data export (Section 11.3).
Figure 6-16: Adding Interps over rebar
Figure 6-17: Available colors for Interps
6.9 No Save Mode
No Save Mode allows you to acquire data without saving it. Everything operates the same as in Line Scan mode, with two differences:
1. There is no Interps button.
2. You can draw arrows to highlight features. Touch the screen where you want the head of the arrow to appear, and then swipe away in the direction of the shaft. In the example in (Figure 6-18), the user touched near the hyperbola, then swept their finger towards the top left to create the arrow. Just like Interps, any number of arrows can be drawn on this screen. Touch any arrow to remove it.
Figure 6-18: Drawing an arrow on the screen in No Save Mode
Pressing the Camera button will take a screenshot and save it in the currently selected project.
7. Grid Scan
Grid Scans are collected to ultimately image structures at various depths in the concrete. Embedded features are revealed as deeper layers (or depth slices) of concrete are viewed.
The following is a simplified step-by-step approach that can be used to investigate a site and setup a grid using your Conquest 100 system.
7.1 Define Area of Interest
The area of interest can be where you need to drill, cut, or where general information is desired for a variety of purposes. To make depth slice images, Conquest 100 must acquire data in a grid pattern. The standard grids can be either metric or imperial units.
The grid sizes available are:
If you have the Conquest 100 Enhanced, there are two additional grid sizes available:
Your specific site will dictate what is practical and where you can operate. In tight corners and spaces, it may not always be possible to lay out a grid. In this case you may have to collect a partial grid or use Line Scan mode only.
7.2 Place Grid Mat
Use Line Scan to determine the optimum orientation for grids. For the best resolution of targets, the survey grid should be aligned perpendicular to any embedded objects in the concrete. If there are features which run at oblique angles, select the predominant orientation of the rebar for aligning the grid.
The grid mat should be taped to the structure with duct tape to prevent it from moving during the grid scan.
7.3 Standard Grids
Conquest comes with US standard (24” x 24”) and the metric equivalent (600 mm x 600 mm) grid mats (Figure 7-1). The units are labeled in the bottom right corner of the grid (make sure the units on your grid sheet match the units set in Preferences (Section 5.1.2). This is the minimum suggested survey size for local area investigations. These grids can be taped together to create larger sizes explained in the section below.
Figure 7-1: Grids are 24” x 24” or 600 x 600 mm. Alpha lines are labeled A, B, C etc. and Numeric lines are labeled 1, 2, 3 etc. and spaced 4 inches (100 mm) apart. High resolution lines are dotted and spaced every 2 inches (50 mm).
The grid mats are labeled with numbers and letters. Survey lines which run vertically on the sheet are labeled 1 through 7, and lines which run horizontally on the sheet are labeled A through G. These solid lines are spaced 4 inches or 100 mm apart and are used for normal resolution surveys. Dotted lines are shown halfway between these lines and are used in addition to the solid lines in high resolution surveys.
The lettering (Alpha lines) and numbering (Numeric lines) provides a grid coordinate system. This same coordinate system shows up on the images created by Conquest for easy reference back to the grid.
7.4 Larger Grids
Larger areas can be surveyed by taping multiple grid mats together to produce 48” x 24” (1200 x 600 mm) and 48” x 48” (1200 x 1200 mm) survey grids. If you are collecting the larger sizes (available only with the Enhanced model), you may need to layout or “chalk-out” your own grid on the floor.
On Conquest grid sheets, the line numbers past the edge of the first grid sheet are indicated on the second grid sheet mat in brackets. When joining multiple sheets, make sure they overlap such that the sheet edges won’t catch the bottom of the sensor (Figure 7-2) and that the sequential numbers / letters are aligned.
Where possible, it is recommended that 48” x 48” (1200 x 1200 mm) size Grid Scans are completed to provide a better understanding of the concrete’s internal features.
Figure 7-2: 4 Conquest Sheets taped down to make a 48” x 48” (1200 x 1200 mm) grid.
7.5 Grid Scan Setup
Once you have your grid mat in place, you are now ready to acquire Grid Scan data. Press Grid Scan from the main menu, this will take you to the menu in Figure 7-3. If you are using the Conquest 100 Enhanced system, ensure you are in the Project that you want to work in.
Figure 7-3: Grid Scan menu lets you configure parameters for Grid Scan.
• Grid Number – Grid Scans are numbered from 1 to 20. Pressing +/- on the bottom menu will increment/decrement the grid number. Alternatively, pressing the grid number button itself will show the screen in Figure 7-4. From here, you can go directly to any grid. If the grid number is in green, then no data exists in that grid. However, if the grid number is in red then data already exists in that grid; see Section 7.6 below.
• Grid Size – press +/- under Grid Size on the bottom menu to cycle between the available sizes. The grid size cannot be changed once data collection has started.
• Grid Resolution – press +/- under Grid Resolution on the bottom menu to toggle between normal and high resolution. Normal resolution grids acquire data on the solid grid mat lines labeled 1, 2, 3 etc. and A, B, C etc. spaced 100 mm (4 inches) apart (Figure 7-1). High resolution grids also acquire data on the dashed lines in-between. These lines are called 1h, 2h, 3h etc. and Ah, Bh, Ch etc.
High resolution grids are recommended for complex situations where:
• There are many objects in the survey grid
• Plastic or deep conduits are expected
• When objects are curving, diagonal or changing direction
The grid resolution cannot be changed once data collection has started.
• Start – when you are ready to scan, press the Start button on the bottom menu.
Figure 7-4: This screen allows the user to directly input the grid they wish to go to
7.6 Grids Containing Data
If the grid number is in red, then some data exists in that grid (Figure 7-5). This may be either a fully collected grid, or a partially collected grid. Press Start to continue data collection on a partially collected grid or re-collect one or more lines if they were done in error.
Figure 7-5: A grid already containing data, with different options on the bottom menu
If the grid number is in red, the bottom menu changes slightly, giving you these new options:
• SliceView – Press this to view the depth slice images for the grid.
• Delete Grid – Press this to delete the grid data. You will be prompted to confirm again.
7.7 Surveying the Grid
Once your grid parameters have been set, press Start to open the grid collection screen (Figure 7-6).
Figure 7-6: Screen shown during grid collection.
The Grid Scan screen guides the user through proper data collection. On the right is a graphic representation of the grid, illustrating the size of the grid, the lines that need to be collected (in green), the current line (in white) and the lines that have already been collected (in red). The left side is reserved for the display of the most recently collected Line data.
7.8 Positioning the Sensor
At the start of every grid line, it is important the sensor be properly positioned before pressing the Start button. Measurements are based on the center of the sensor moving along the line.
Figure 7-7: Properly position the Sensor Head on a grid line before scanning.
Position the center of the Sensor Head at the start of the line number indicated on the screen. Use the arrows on the sides and top to center it on the base line and the arrows on the top and ends to center it on the line to be collected (Figure 7-7).
Always collect lines in the direction indicated by the arrows on the grid mat (Figure 7-1).
Do not back up the Sensor Head while collecting a grid line.
7.9 Collecting Grid Lines
Select Start on the screen, the Enter key on the Sensor Head or the Wireless Trigger Trigger. The system will beep once when ready to collect the line. Move the sensor along the survey line to the end. Move the sensor at a steady pace, keeping it centered on the grid line. As a grid line is collected, a graphic of the Sensor Head moves along the white line on the right side. On the left side, the DynaQ color is shown as the line progresses towards completion.
The Sensor Head must be pushed slightly beyond the end line on the far edge of the grid mat (1-2 cm) before the survey line stops and the system beeps twice.
In situations where the line must be stopped before the end of the grid is reached, press Enter on the Sensor Head, End Line on the Display Unit or the Wireless Trigger Trigger.
Once you have finished the line, it will automatically move you to the next line on the grid illustration, as well as displaying the line number/letter overlaid on the grid. The line scan from the most recently collected line is displayed on the left side (Figure 7-8).
Figure 7-8: After collecting a line, the collected data is displayed on the left
Under the GPR Line image, the PCD response is shown in red and DynaQ line under that.
The color of the DynaQ bar indicates the quality of the data at that point along the line:
• White = No Data (too fast!)
• Yellow = moderate quality
• Light blue = better quality
• Dark Blue = highest quality
In general, avoid collecting data at extremely high rates of speed. The system will beep three times to indicate that a data quality issue has been detected.
Flags can be inserted to mark noteworthy surface features, such as cracks in the concrete or if the surface material changes. These markers may help you correlate subsurface targets with above ground features.
Pressing the asterisk button on the keypad will insert a flag at your current position. The flag is displayed on the line scan image and will also show up on the depth slices in SliceView (Section 8). Flags are sequentially numbered.
7.10 LineView
To display the currently selected grid line on the full screen, press the LineView button (Figure 7-9).
Figure 7-9: Switching to LineView from within Grid Collection.
This displays the grid line along with the Zoom, Color, Filter, and Gain menu options for modifying the image See (Section 6.8).
It is also possible to switch to other collected grid lines using the keypad arrow buttons.
To exit from the LineView screen and return to Grid View (Figure 7-8), press the Back button. The Grid View screen respects any display settings changed while in LineView.
7.11 Reviewing, Re-collecting & Skipping Lines
During grid collection, if you need to review a previous line:
1. Press Grid Line +/- on the Display Unit or
2. Use the 4-way directional arrows on the Display Unit or Sensor Head
The white line on the grid will correspond to whatever line is selected, and the GPR Line is displayed (if that line has been collected).
Occasionally, there may be a need to re-collect a line of data, if you went too fast, veered off the line, or knew that your starting position was off. Go to the line that requires re-collection and press Start on the Display Unit, Enter on the Sensor Head or the Wireless Trigger. You will be prompted to confirm that you would like to overwrite the line (Figure 7-10).
Figure 7-10: Overwriting a grid line.
If you need to skip a series of lines (due to an obstruction, for example), move to the desired grid line using any of the methods above. You can still process the data to create depth slices even if you are missing lines in the grid; there will just be a blank area where no data was collected.
7.12 SliceView
Once you have finished collecting the grid, press the SliceView button to generate depth slices (Section 8) explains viewing depth slices). Before the data is processed, the Concrete Cal is automatically calculated from all the grid data. This value is the speed the GPR signal travels in the concrete and an accurate value is important for processing the data to create images with the highest clarity.
8. SliceView
A key feature of Conquest is its ability to transform the raw sensor information into a series of depth-based slice images cutting down through the concrete (Figure 8-1). In general, depth slice images are generated after all the lines in the grid have been collected, but images can also be generated when a partial grid (minimum 3 lines) has been collected. This is useful when the grid area is smaller than the grid mat or when part of the grid is obstructed and not all the lines can be collected.
The best way to think of the depth slices are as photograph-like views from above slicing 1 inch (25 mm) at a time into the subsurface.
Figure 8-1: A conceptual Conquest Grid Scan image to understand the relationship between depth slice images, Alpha GPR Lines and Numeric GPR Lines. The rectangular regions to the bottom and the right should be thought of as GPR Lines through the concrete in each direction at the positions of the crosshairs.
After a Grid Scan is complete and SliceView selected, the data are processed and depth slices are generated and displayed.
The PCD data are also processed to generate a PCD slice image that is displayed in the SliceView menu.
It is not necessary to reprocess data every time you want to view it. Once a grid has been processed, the images are always immediately available by selecting SliceView from the GridScan menu.
8.1 SliceView Screen
The SliceView screen is shown in Figure 8-2:
Figure 8-2: The SliceView screen displays a 1 inch (25mm) thick depth slice on the right and a GPR Line on the left. The depth slice range is indicated by 2 red lines on the GPR Line and numerically displayed above the grid image.
One of the GPR Lines is displayed on the left side of the screen with the line number or letter displayed on the bottom of the image. To move to another GPR Line in the grid, use the 4-direction arrows on the Display Unit or the Sensor Head keypad.
The depth slice image is on the right side of the screen. Depth slices are 1” or 25mm thick, starting with the first slice, 0”–1” (or 0-25mm). The depth slice image shows the alpha line labels on the left side and the numeric line labels on the bottom, while the top and right sides show the distance (in inches or mm).
Menu options are available on the bottom of the screen:
• Depth – pressing -/+ will move the depth slice down or up by 1” (25 mm). As the depth slice changes, the red depth lines on the Line image also changes. It is important to move through all the slices to ensure that all features are noted. You can also change the depth by touching and moving the depth slice indicator on the Line image on the left side.
• LineView – Press this button to display the currently selected grid line on the full screen (Figure 8-3).
Figure 8-3: To display a Grid Line in full screen, press the LineView button
This displays the grid line along with the Zoom, Color, Filter, Gain, and Concrete Cal menu options for modifying the image (Section 6.8).
It is also possible to display other collected grid lines using the keypad arrow buttons.
To exit from the LineView screen and return to SliceView, press the Back button. The SliceView screen respects any display settings changed while in LineView.
If the value of the Concrete Cal is changed in LineView, the grid data will be reprocessed when you return to SliceView.
• PCD – pressing this button toggles between the PCD image and the depth slice images (Figure 8-4). Note that when viewing the PCD image, the depth -/+ button is greyed out, because the PCD image is a single image of the magnetic field at the surface (The principles of PCD are explained in Section 2.6).
Figure 8-4: Screen image after switching from depth slice view to PCD view
Drill Locator – pressing this takes you into modified menu which shows a drill hole superimposed over the data. The drill size can be changed by pressing the Drill Size -/+ button. The drill size is independent of the units used to scan. The user can cycle through the sizes until the units change, allowing the use of metric drill bits on a U.S. Standard grid or vice versa. Figure 8-5 illustrates a 4-inch diameter drill hole
Figure 8-5: Drill Locator
The position of the drill locator can easily be moved by simply touching anywhere on the screen and the drill locator will move to that location. Alternatively, using the 4-directional arrow button on the Display Unit or the Sensor Head keypad will move the position of the drill locator. The alpha/numeric coordinates and the drill diameter will be listed on the left. While the drill locator is on, switch to the PCD display or cycle through the depth slices to make sure you aren’t going to hit an embedded object at any depth.
Options – pressing this takes you to a sub-menu where you have the following options for viewing the depth slice image (Figure 8-6):
Figure 8-6: Pressing Options displays a different menu at the bottom.
Grid Lines – press this button to overlay the grid lines on the depth slice image. It is useful to see grid lines, so you know the position of the GPR Line in the grid (displayed in white). Pressing this button cycles between ON, PARTIAL or OFF. When set to ON, all the collected lines are displayed. When set to PARTIAL, only some of the grid lines are displayed. This may be necessary for some larger grids as having all grid lines ON tends to obscure the image beneath (Figure 8-7).
Figure 8-7: With Grid Lines ON (top), the grid lines are superimposed on the grid image. With Grid Lines set to PARTIAL (middle), lines are only displayed every 12 inches (or 300 mm). The position of the currently displayed GPR Line on the left is indicated by a white line on the depth slice on the right.
o Flags – any flags that were inserted during grid collection will appear on the depth slices. Press this button to toggle between displaying Flags (ON) or not (OFF)
o Interps – any Interps that were inserted during grid collection will appear on the depth slices. Press this button to toggle between displaying Interps (ON) or not (OFF). See Figure 8-8.
Figure 8-8: Interps displayed on depth slice
o Color (left side) – change the depth slice color palette, cycles between 1-9
o Color (right side) – cycles between LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH sensitivity display of the depth slice. A setting of HIGH is useful for revealing weaker targets in the concrete, like non-metallic conduits which can sometimes be difficult to see. Setting to LOW will help “clean up” the data and only show the strong targets, but will hide some of the weak signals (such as conduits), so be CAREFUL when setting to LOW (Figure 8-5).
Figure 8-9: The Sensitivity button plots the data with Low, Medium or High Sensitivity (from top image to bottom).
o Back – press this to return to the SliceView main menu.
8.2 Recollecting Lines in the Grid Scan
After looking at the grid data in SliceView you may discover that one or more grid lines need to be re-collected (maybe the starting position was off or rebar appear to “bend” in the depth slices when they shouldn’t). If so, you will need to enter the Grid Scan menu again and select the grid (the grid number will be in red, since data exists).
Select the grid line that needs to be re-collected. When you press Start, it will display a prompt confirming if you want to overwrite the line, as shown in Figure 7-10.
After recollecting the grid lines, go back into SliceView and reprocess the grid data.
8.3 Depth Slice Interpretation
8.3.1 Conquest Resolution
One of the first things to note when looking at depth slices is the resolution of Conquest. Features will show up with a minimum size of about 1.5 inches (40 mm). This is a fundamental limit of the antenna response characteristics. You should not interpret a Conquest feature to be fully representative of the dimension in the Depth Slice image. The object may be 1 inch in diameter or 1/8 of an inch in diameter but it still will result in a 1.5 inch wide event on the depth slice image. Be careful about interpreting sizes of features.
8.3.2 Orientation
Scroll through the depth slices and look for patterns. Normally regular patterns of rebar will appear at different depths. Sometimes when a bar or conduit has a dip or a tilt, it will show up partially at one depth and then show up at another depth more clearly as the bar or conduit cuts down through the selected depth range.
8.3.3 PCD Image
Notice that similar to GPR responses from rebar and other objects described above, the PCD response is broad compared to the actual size of the cable. The width of the PCD response has no relation to the size of the cable. In fact, sometimes the PCD response from a cable can appear so broad in width that a 2’ x 2’(600 x 600 mm) grid may not show the edges of the response and the whole image appears as one strong color. In this case it may be necessary to collect a larger grid to see the edges of the PCD response.
8.4 Marking the site
It is necessary to view the depth slices through the total depth range in order to mark the site. The normal process is to step down through each depth and look for linear features which may indicate rebar, post-tension cables, pipes and conduits. At each depth, mark the location of the feature on the surface using the grid as a guide.
Marking the site will obviously be dictated by the site conditions. In an open concrete structure at a construction area site you can use chalk or a crayon to mark the surface. In finished floor areas one may want to use a washable marker, tape, or some other type of easily removable indicator. You will no doubt need to adapt for your specific site condition.
Make sure to document all site markings using a digital camera, hand drawn maps and measurements for future reference.
9. Demonstration Data
Demo Data is pre-loaded on all Conquest 100 systems, and is found in the Demo Project folder (from the main screen, press the minus button when you are in Project 1). The Demo Project folder contains 1 line and 1 grid. From a learning point of view, it is recommended to see the effect of changing display parameters (zoom, depth, calibrating velocity) on the line data. For the grid, it is useful to move down through all the depth slices to see how features come into focus, then disappear. As well, correlating hyperbolas on the line scans and seeing how they appear on the depth slice images helps to build confidence in what you are seeing.
The following is a brief description of what the data contains:
Line 1
The 30m long line shows data collected on a concrete deck. There is a top mat of rebar spaced about 25cm apart, as well as some randomly spaced rebar located beneath it. There are two sections (centered at 6.5m and 25m) where the rebar spacing gets close together. In particular at the 25m position, the rebar is noticeably much denser. This area is located over a column and there is also a post-tension cable running along the collected line. This is the angled feature which slopes away from the column, as the GPR sensors runs parallel to the post-tension cable. This is very typical of construction practice where:
a) Areas over a column are more heavily reinforced
b) Post-tension cables move lower in the slab between columns
Grid 1
The dimensions of the grid are 48” x 48”, with lines collected every 2” apart. This was collected on a suspended concrete slab. As we slice down from the top, the first feature is visible on the 5-6” depth slice in the lower left corner. Interps have been added to highlight this feature on the line scan, which are also displayed on the depth slices.The majority of reinforcement is seen on the 8-9” depth slice.
Slicing down to the 11-12” depth slice, there is a curved feature visible. Turning the PCD on reveals a PCD repsonse that lines up exactly with the feature on the radar data. These were electrical conduits mounted on the underside of the slab, also known as surface mounted conduits.
This example highlights the importance of going through all the depth slices to locate features at different depths in a concrete slab.
10. Capturing Screens and Emailing Mini Reports
10.1 Capturing Screens
If you would like to save an image of the current screen, press the camera button on the Display Unit.
If you are not connected to a Wi-Fi network, a message appears confirming the name of the file the image was saved to (Figure 10-1).
Figure 10-1: Message after pressing the camera button on the Display Unit to capture the screen (no Wi-Fi).
If you are connected to a wireless network and have an e-mail address configured, the user will see the message in Figure 10-2, asking if you would like to e-mail the data and prompts you to enter the e-mail address. This may take a few seconds to display the message. The e-mail address defaults to the last one entered. Tapping on the address box brings up an on-screen keyboard and allows you to enter a new e-mail address. Pressing the “…” button to the left of the e-mail address displays the last 5 e-mail addresses used, allowing the user to easily select a recent e-mail address, rather than re-entering it.
Screenshots can always be e-mailed at a later time from the Screenshot Gallery (Section 5.3.2).
Figure 10-2: Message after pressing the Camera button on the Display Unit to capture the screen with Wi-Fi enabled and a connection to a wireless network. The user can enter an e-mail address to send the mini-report to.
10.2 Using the Hotspot on your Smartphone
If a Wi-Fi signal is unavailable, you may be able to use your Smartphone as a Wi-Fi access point, by creating a Personal Hotspot. If you are experiencing difficulty connecting to a cell phone Personal Hotspot, ensure that the phone is in discovery mode while connecting. On iPhone (iOS 13), for example, this involves going to Settings – Personal Hotspot (Figure 10-3). Ensure that the Personal Hotspot setting is turned on and wait on this screen until the connection has been established. Once you have received confirmation on the Display Unit, the cell phone can resume normal use.
Figure 10-3: Setting up a Hotspot on an iPhone
Note that when setting up a Personal Hotspot, you may be disconnected from any Wi-Fi networks. Vice-versa, if you have a Personal Hotspot setup, attempting to connect to a Wi-Fi network may disconnect your personal hotspot.
10.3 Mini-Reports
When a screenshot is e-mailed, it is sent as part of a mini-report. This mini-report contains a table with information about the captured image such as the settings, date/time and the project number. An example of a Grid Scan mini-report is shown in Figure 10-4
Figure 10-4: A Grid Scan mini report. The text is sent in the body of the e-mail and the image as an attachment.
11. Transferring Data to a PC
Data can be exported to a PC by inserting a USB drive into the USB port (Figure 11-1).
Figure 11-1 Insert a USB memory stick into the USB port on the Display Unit to export data.
Once the USB drive is recognized, a message will appear telling you that a drive has been inserted and if you wish to export your data to it (Figure 11-2). Click Yes.
Figure 11-2: When a USB drive is connected to the Display Unit, a message opens asking if you would like to export all your data to it. Select Yes to transfer immediately. If you select No, you can export the data later by going to the Setup > File Management menu option.
Alternatively, if you want to export data from a specific Project (Conquest 100 Enhanced only), click No for now. Later on, when you are ready to export your data, from the main menu select Setup > File Management and press Export Data see Section 5.3.4
11.1 Formatting USB Sticks
There may be times when a USB stick is not recognized by the LMX200. In this case, you may need to format the USB stick. Ensure that it’s formatted as FAT/FAT32 (NTFS will not work). Also ensure that there are no hidden or write-protected partitions on the USB drive.
If the problem persists after formatting, try another USB stick.
11.2 Directory Structure
The directory structure on the USB drive can be viewed on your PC, and will look as follows:
If your system is not a Conquest 100 Enhanced, then all your screenshots will be in the Project1 directory, and no .GPZ files will be exported.
Each successive export of data will create a new directory called ExportXX, where XX is incremented by 1 from the previous directory. This is to prevent over-writing data on the USB stick.
If any Field Interpretations were added during data collection, these are saved in a .CSV file. This is a spreadsheet file, which shows the positional information of any Interps made.
The System Info folder contains an APP.LOG file and a System Summary diagnostic report. The APP.LOG file contains important information about system operation and may be requested by Sensors & Software to help troubleshoot any issues.
Some of the output files are described and shown below.
11.3 Field Interpretations File
If any interpretations are made a Field Interp Report file is created. This file is a CSV (Comma separated values) format, most commonly opened with Microsoft Excel.
The file will list any Interps and Flags added to data in the field. The position, depth and color of each Interp is listed. A sample output for this file is shown in Figure 11-3.
Figure 11-3: Contents of a sample Field Interp Report file
11.4 System Summary Report
The System Summary report is a PDF file, which lists system usage information, serial numbers and when system tests were done and their pass/fail status. An example file is shown below:
Figure 8-6: Pressing Options displays a different menu at the bottom.
11.5 EKKO_Project
If you have a Conquest 100 Enhanced system, any line and grid data collected in a project are saved as a single .GPZ file (e.g. Project1.GPZ). This file can be opened with the EKKO_Project PC software.
EKKO_Project is a powerful software that allows you to view, edit, process and ultimately create reports from your GPR data. From the main screen (Figure 11-4), you can access various views and launch modules that give you access to further functionality. Some features shown here are not part of the standard EKKO_Project base software. For more information, consult your EKKO_Project manual or contact Sensors & Software.
Figure 11-4: EKKO_Project software with Conquest data
12. Troubleshooting
Conquest systems are designed to minimize user problems; however, all electronic devices are subject to possible failure. The following are troubleshooting hints if your Conquest fails to operate or something operates incorrectly.
12.1 Restart the System
Most problems can be fixed by powering down the system, checking that all connections are tightly secured and not damaged and then powering back up again.
Frozen Screen: If the system is frozen, press and hold the red Power button for more than 5 seconds until the system shuts down.
Sometimes vibrations cause the cable connections to loosen just a bit and break contact, which can cause errors. Powering down the system and disconnecting cables and reconnecting them may provide better contact and solve the problem. Turn the system back on and try running again.
12.2 Power Supply
After several hours of usage, the battery may be dead or have low voltage. The system will abruptly shut off when the battery level reaches a critical state. Either recharge the battery using the optional desktop charger or plug in the AC adaptor to charge the battery in the Display Unit while you continue to work.
12.3 Lights on Sensor Head
The system will prompt the user if the Sensor Head is not detected during boot-up. If there is no prompt but the system still does not work, look at the lights on the Sensor Head. After boot-up the green light by the Enter key on the Sensor Head should be solid and the red light by the star key, should be off. After selecting Line Scan mode and pressing Start to collect a line, the red light turns on so both the red and green lights are on solid; if the lights do anything other than this, there is likely a hardware issue (problem with the Sensor Head or cable).
12.4 Cables
Check cables for problems like bent or recessed pins that can break the connection and cause system errors.
The Conquest 100 comes with a second Sensor Cable. Replace the current cable with the second cable and try running the system and see if the problem goes away.
If the power supply and cables are OK, the problem is likely a failure of the internal electronics. Contact Sensors & Software Inc.
12.5 Sensor Head Backwards Compatibility
The Conquest 100 is fully compatible with earlier versions of the Conquest Sensor Head and cable so if you have a Conquest Enhanced or Conquest SL Sensor Head available, try swapping these parts in one at a time and see if you can isolate the problem or solve it.
12.6 Warning Beeps
When acquiring data (either in Line Scan or Grid Scan modes), if the system starts to “beep” when it’s not supposed to, there are two possible causes:
1. The operator is holding down the Enter button or Display Unit key too long when starting the Line Scan. The system may register this as two button presses, resulting in the system starting and stopping immediately. In this instance the triple beep is occurring because the scan is being stopped. A lighter touch on the button is necessary.
2. The Sensor Head is being pushed too fast. In this case, the DynaQ will also show yellow and white. To ensure good data quality, simply slow down the speed of the Sensor Head. In Grid Scan mode, you may be prompted to re-collect that line.
12.7 Sensor Head Keypad Doesn’t Respond
If the Sensor Head keypad does not respond, the usual reason is that the Sensor Head has come unplugged during operation. Power down the system, reconnect the Sensor Head and restart to restore full keypad functionality.
12.8 Constant Prompt to Perform System Test
If the operator is constantly prompted to run the System Test for the Sensor (Section 5.2.7 ) resulting in the inability to collect data, turn off IEP (Section 5.1.10) in the Preferences menu. If IEP is disabled, allow the system to warm up for 5 minutes before starting data collection. Also note that the next time Conquest is powered on, IEP defaults to ON.
If the system is constantly prompting to perform a system test, it may indicate a problem with the equipment. Scanning can be continued with IEP turned off but if the problem persists, it is recommended that Sensors & Software Inc. be contacted to help remedy the problem.
12.9 Collecting Test Data
One of the best ways of detecting problems with the Conquest system is by comparing data with data collected previously.
Soon after receiving the system and getting comfortable with its operation, collect a 24”x24” (600x600mm) grid of data at a convenient, easily accessible location. The grid should be saved electronically and perhaps plotted out on paper and dated. The test grid could be collected say, every 6 months and, by reviewing the previous data, system problems can be detected early. As well, if there is a suspected problem with the system, this test grid could be collected and compared with earlier tests.
Collecting a test line is recommended as well.
12.10 Contacting the Vendor for Service
When returning the system to the Vendor, have the following information available:
1) A brief description of when the error is happening and the operating conditions.
2) A screenshot of the System Information page (Section 5.2.1).
3) Include photos and/or videos to document the occurrence of error messages.
4) APP.LOG file – this is downloaded to your computer during data export
13. Care & Maintenance
13.1 Cable Care
With the use of this product in rough and dusty environments, users can minimize potential downtime if they care for cables and treat connectors with respect.
1) The cable connectors on the Sensor Head and Display Unit need to stay clean and free of dust and moisture. Use a brush or air spray to clean dust, lint and other foreign particles from these connectors.
2) When the system is not being used, make sure the connections are protected to prevent dust and moisture from collecting inside. If the connectors are not in the case, and are exposed, cover them with some sort of dust cap.
3) Cables and connectors are not designed to suspend or tow or otherwise carry the weight of systems. They are part of the electronic circuit and should be treated accordingly. When not in use they should be placed in their storage box.
13.2 Battery and Charger
The Conquest 100 is equipped with smart battery charging circuit to allow you to operate the Conquest 100 using the AC power while charging the battery inserted in the unit. The charging algorithms are designed to maximize battery life while ensuring the shortest possible charge time. The light on the back of the Display Unit beside the 3-pin power connector indicates if battery is charging (orange) or charged (green). It is safe to continue to operate the Conquest 100 on AC power even when the battery is fully charged – the battery will not be overcharged – the charging system protects the battery from over-charging by terminating the charge process when the battery is at maximum capacity.
It normally takes 3 to 4 hours to charge the battery while operating the unit in AC power. The battery charger will also not initiate charging process until the battery temperature is between 0o C to 40o C to avoid damaging the battery.
Lithium-ion batteries reach their full performance after the first few full charge/discharge cycles.
13.3 Conquest Sensor Head Wear Pad
The bottom of the Sensor Head is covered with a wear-resistant skid pad. The skid pad is designed to take the majority of the abrasive wear. If the pad wears down enough, the less-resistant plastic housing may start to wear. If this occurs, it is best to replace the skid pad. You can attempt this yourself by following the directions below or contact the vendor to get it replaced.
To replace the skid pad, perform the following steps:
1) Ensure the Sensor head is not connected to power and data cable is disconnected.
2) With a #2 Philips screwdriver, remove the (4) screws that secure the outer shell to the sensor body (same on opposite side).
3) Turn the sensor upside down and refer to the image below. The washer is designed to move a little along the wheel axis. Ensure that the washer is between the sensor head shell and the wheel as shown below.
Carefully lift shell enough to access the skid pad at either one of the ends. Take note of the location of the skid pad on the base
4) Remove the worn skid pad (use of a flat painting scraper may be required to separate adhesive from the sensor base).
5) Once the skid pad is removed, clean the sensor base with a clean cloth saturated with 70% isopropyl alcohol.
6) Remove the backing from the new adhesive strip on the skid pad and reinstall, referring to the location noted in step 4. Application requires significant force, to ensure flatness and adequate adhesion.
7) Once applied, refer to the shell/wheel washer orientation in step 3 and slide the shell back into place.
Reinstall the (4) screws from step 1.
13.4 Storage Cases
Equipment that is transported and stored loosely is more susceptible to damage. All equipment should be stored in its shipping case or a storage box. Sensors & Software has shipping cases available as options for all systems.
13.5 Upgrading Embedded Software on Display Unit
From time to time, Sensors & Software may release new software for the Display Unit. The instructions below describe how to update this software. Please note that this procedure will erase all GPR data from the system, so export any valuable data before continuing.
14. Parts List & Accessories
14.1 Spare Parts
Customers working in remote areas, or for whom downtime in the field is unacceptable, should consider buying spare parts like extra cables. The following is a list of spare parts available for purchase:
14.2 Accessories
The following accessories are available for purchase
15. Technical Specifications
Appendices
Appendix A: Health & Safety Certification
Radio frequency electromagnetic fields may pose a health hazard when the fields are intense. Normal fields have been studied extensively over the past 30 years with no conclusive epidemiology relating electromagnetic fields to health problems. Detailed discussions on the subject are contained in the references at the end of this Appendix.
The USA Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) both specify acceptable levels for electromagnetic fields. Similar power levels are mandated by corresponding agencies in other countries. Maximum permissible exposures and time duration specified by the FCC and OSHA vary with excitation frequency. The lowest threshold plane wave equivalent power cited is 0.2 mW/cm2 for the general population over the 30 to 300 MHz frequency band. All other applications and frequencies have higher tolerances as shown in graphically in Figure B-1.
Figure A-1: FCC limits for maximum permissible exposure (MPE) plane-wave equivalent power density mW/cm2.
All Sensors & Software Inc. GPR products are normally operated at least 1 m from the user and as such are classified as “mobile” devices according to the FCC. Typical power density levels at a distance of 1 m or greater from any Sensors & Software Inc. products are less than 10-3 mW/cm2 which is 200 to 10,000 times lower than mandated limits. As such, Sensors & Software Inc. products pose no health and safety risk when operated in the normal manner of intended use.
References
1. Questions and answers about biological effects and potential hazards of radio-frequency electromagnetic field.
USA Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering & Technology OET Bulletin 56
(Contains many references and web sites)
2. Evaluation Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.
USA Federal Communications Commission, Office of Engineering & Technology OET Bulletin 56
(Contains many references and web sites)
3. USA Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations paragraph 1910.67 and 1910.263
Appendix B: GPR Emissions, Interference and Regulations
All governments have regulations on the level of electromagnetic emissions that an electronic apparatus can emit. The objective is to assure that one apparatus or device does not interfere with any other apparatus or device in such a way as to make the other apparatus non-functional.
The manufacturer test their GPR products using independent professional testing houses and comply with latest regulations of the USA, Canada, European Community, and other major jurisdictions on the matter of emissions.
Electronic devices have not always been designed for proper immunity. If a GPR instrument is placed in close proximity to an electronic device, interference may occur. While there have been no substantiated reports of interference to date, if any unusual behavior is observed on nearby devices, test if the disturbance starts and stops when the GPR instrument is turned on and off. If interference is confirmed, stop using the GPR.
Where specific jurisdictions have specific GPR guidelines, these are described below.
B-1 FCC Regulations
This device complies with Part 15 of the USA Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Rules. Operation in the USA is subject to the following two conditions:
• this device may not cause harmful interference and
• this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
Part 15 – User Information
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, where applicable, and for an ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) device where applicable, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
WARNING
Changes or Modifications not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
Certification of this equipment has been carried out using approved cables and peripheral devices. The use of non-approved or modified cables and peripheral devices constitutes a Change or Modification outlined in the warning above.
Operating Restrictions
Operation of this device is limited to purposes associated with law enforcement, firefighting, emergency rescue, scientific research, commercial mining, or construction. Parties operating this equipment must be eligible for licensing under the provisions of Part 90 of this chapter.
FCC Interpretation of Operation Restrictions issued July 12, 2002
(FCC Order DA02-1658, paragraph 9)
The regulations contain restrictions on the parties that are eligible to operate imaging systems (See 47 C.F.R. 5.509(b), 15.511(b), and 15.513(b)). Under the new regulations, GPRs and wall imaging systems may be used only by law enforcement, fire and emergency rescue organizations, by scientific research institutes, by commercial mining companies, and by construction companies. Since the adoption of the Order, we have received several inquiries from the operators of GPRs and wall imaging systems noting that these devices often are not operated by the users listed in the regulations but are operated under contract by personnel specifically trained in the operation of these devices. We do not believe that the recent adoption of the UWB rules should disrupt the critical safety services that can be performed effectively only through the use of GPRs and wall imaging systems. We viewed these operating restrictions in the broadest of terms. For example, we believe that the limitation on the use of GPRs and wall imaging systems by construction companies encompasses the inspection of buildings, roadways, bridges and runways even if the inspection finds no damage to the structure and construction does not actually result from the inspection; the intended purpose of the operation of the UWB device is to determine if construction is required. We also believe that the GPRs and wall imaging systems may be operated for one of the purposes described in the regulations but need not be operated directly by one of the described parties. For example, a GPR may be operated by a private company investigating forensic evidence for a local police department.
FCC Permitted Mode of Usage
The GPR antenna must be kept on the surface to be in compliance with FCC regulations. Use of the antenna is not permitted if it is lifted off the surface. Use as a through-the-wall imaging device is prohibited.
GPR Use Coordination
FCC regulation 15.525(c) (updated in February 2007) requires users of GPR equipment to coordinate the use of their GPR equipment as described below:
TITLE 47–TELECOMMUNICATION
CHAPTER I–FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
PART 15_RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES
Subpart F_Ultra-Wideband Operation Sec.
15.525 Coordination requirements.
(a) UWB imaging systems require coordination through the FCC before the equipment may be used. The operator shall comply with any constraints on equipment usage resulting from this coordination.
(b) The users of UWB imaging devices shall supply operational areas to the FCC Office of Engineering and Technology, which shall coordinate this information with the Federal Government through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The information provided by the UWB operator shall include the name, address and other pertinent contact information of the user, the desired geographical area(s) of operation, and the FCC ID number and other nomenclature of the UWB device. If the imaging device is intended to be used for mobile applications, the geographical area(s) of operation may be the state(s) or county(ies) in which the equipment will be operated. The operator of an imaging system used for fixed operation shall supply a specific geographical location or the address at which the equipment will be operated. This material shall be submitted to:
Frequency Coordination Branch, OET
Federal Communications Commission
445 12th Street, SW, Washington, D.C.
20554
Attn: UWB Coordination
(Sensors & Software Inc. Note: The form given on the following page is a suggested format for performing the coordination.)
(c) The manufacturers, or their authorized sales agents, must inform purchasers and users of their systems of the requirement to undertake detailed coordination of operational areas with the FCC prior to the equipment being operated.
(d) Users of authorized, coordinated UWB systems may transfer them to other qualified users and to different locations upon coordination of change of ownership or location to the FCC and coordination with existing authorized operations.
(e) The FCC/NTIA coordination report shall identify those geographical areas within which the operation of an imaging system requires additional coordination or within which the operation of an imaging system is prohibited. If additional coordination is required for operation within specific geographical areas, a local coordination contact will be provided. Except for operation within these designated areas, once the information requested on the UWB imaging system is submitted to the FCC no additional coordination with the FCC is required provided the reported areas of operation do not change. If the area of operation changes, updated information shall be submitted to the FCC following the procedure in paragraph (b) of this section.
(f) The coordination of routine UWB operations shall not take longer than 15 business days from the receipt of the coordination request by NTIA. Special temporary operations may be handled with an expedited turn-around time when circumstances warrant. The operation of UWB systems in emergency situations involving the safety of life or property may occur without coordination provided a notification procedure, similar to that contained in Sec. 2.405(a) through (e) of this chapter, is followed by the UWB equipment user.[67 FR 34856, May 16, 2002, as amended at 68 FR 19751, Apr. 22, 2003]
Effective Date Note: At 68 FR 19751, Apr. 22, 2003, Sec. 15.525 was amended by revising [[Page 925]] paragraphs (b) and (e). This amendment contains information collection and recordkeeping requirements and will not become effective until approval has been given by the Office of Management and Budget.
FCC GROUND PENETRATING RADAR COORDINATION NOTICE
NAME:
ADDRESS:
CONTACT INFORMATION [CONTACT NAME AND PHONE NUMBER]:
AREA OF OPERATION [COUNTIES, STATES OR LARGER AREAS]:
FCC ID: QJQ-NG250
EQUIPMENT NOMENCLATURE: NG250
Send the information to:
Frequency Coordination Branch., OET
Federal Communications Commission
445 12th Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20554
ATTN: UWB Coordination
Fax: 202-418-1944
INFORMATION PROVIDED IS DEEMED CONFIDENTIAL
B-2 ETSI Regulations for the EC (European Community)
In the European Community (EC), GPR instruments must conform to ETSI (European Technical Standards Institute) standard EN 302 066-1 v1.2.1. Details on individual country requirements for licensing are coordinated with this standard. For more information, contact Sensors & Software’s technical staff.
All Sensors & Software ground penetrating radar (GPR) products offered for sale in European Community countries or countries adhering to ETSI standards are tested to comply with EN 302 066 v1.2.1.
For those who wish to get more detailed information, they should acquire copies of the following docu¬ments available from ETSI.
ETSI EN 302 066-1 V1.2.1 (February 2008) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Ground and Wall- Probing Radar applications (GPR/WPR) imaging systems; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods
ETSI EN 302 066-2 V1.2.1 (February 2008) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Ground and Wall- Probing Radar applications (GPR/WPR) imaging systems; Part 2: Harmonized EN covering essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (March 2008) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB); Part 2: Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications; System Reference Document
B-3a Industry Canada Regulations – English
Industry Canada published it regulations for ground penetrating radar (GPR) on Mar 29 2009 as part of the RSS-220 titled ‘Devices Using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology’.
Industry Canada has made a unique exception for GPR by not requiring user licensing. The user does have to comply with the following directives:
This Ground Penetrating Radar Device shall be operated only when in contact with or within 1 m of the ground.
This Ground Penetrating Radar Device shall be operated only by law enforcement agencies, scientific research institutes, commercial mining companies, construction companies, and emergency rescue or firefighting organizations.
Should the ground penetrating radar be used in a wall-penetrating mode then the following restriction should be noted by the user:
This In-wall Radar Imaging Device shall be operated where the device is directed at the wall and in contact with or within 20 cm of the wall surface.
This In-wall Radar Imaging Device shall be operated only by law enforcement agencies, scientific research institutes, commercial mining companies, construction companies, and emergency rescue or firefighting organizations.
Since operation of GPR is on a license-exempt basis, the user must accept the following:
Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
B-3b Règlement d’Industrie Canada – Français
Industrie Canada a publié des règlements pour les appareils géoradar (GPR) le 29 mars 2009, dans le cadre du RSS-220 intitulé “Dispositifs utilisant la bande ultra-large (UWB)”.
Industrie Canada a faite une exception unique pour GPR en n’exigeant pas de licence par utilisateur. L’utilisateur doit se conformer aux directives suivantes:
Ce géoradar périphérique doit être utilisé que lorsqu’il est en contact avec ou moins de 1 m du sol.
Ce géoradar périphérique doit être utilisé que par les organisations d’application de la loi, les instituts de recherche scientifique, des sociétés minières commerciales, entreprises de construction et de secours d’urgence ou des organisations de lutte contre les incendies.
Si le géoradar est utilisé dans un mode de pénétration au mur, la restriction suivante est à noter par l’utili¬sateur:
Ce dispositif d’imagerie radar doit être utilisé lorsque l’appareil est orienté vers le mur et en contact avec ou dans les 20 cm de la surface du mur.
Ce dispositif d’imagerie radar doit être utilisé que par les organisations d’application de la loi, les instituts de recherche scientifique, des sociétés minières commerciales, entreprises de construction et de secours d’urgence ou des organisations de lutte contre les incendies.
Parce que l’exploitation de GPR est sur une base exempte de licence, l’utilisateur doit accepter le texte suivant:
La fonctionnement est soumis aux deux conditions suivantes: (1) cet appareil ne peut pas provoquer d’interférences et (2) cet appareil doit accepter toute interférence, y compris les interférences qui peuvent causer un mauvais fonctionnement du dispositive
Appendix C: Instrument Interference
Immunity regulations place the onus on instrument/apparatus/device manufacturers to assure that extraneous interference will not unduly cause an instrument/apparatus/device to stop functioning or to function in a faulty manner.
Based on independent testing house measurements, Sensors & Software Inc. systems comply with such regulations in Canada, USA, European Community and most other jurisdictions. GPR devices can sense electromagnetic fields. External sources of electromagnetic fields such as TV stations, radio stations and cell phones, can cause signals detectable by a GPR which may degrade the quality of the data that a GPR device records and displays.
Such interference is unavoidable but sensible survey practice and operation by an experienced GPR practitioner can minimize such problems. In some geographic areas emissions from external sources may be so large as to preclude useful measurements. Such conditions are readily recognized and accepted by the professional geophysical community as a fundamental limitation of geophysical survey practice. Such interference being present in the GPR recordings is not considered as an equipment fault or as a failure to comply with immunity regulations.
Appendix D: Safety around Explosive Devices
Concerns are expressed from time to time on the hazard of GPR products being used near blasting caps and unexploded ordnance (UXO). Experience with blasting caps indicates that the power of Sensors & Software Inc.’s GPR products is not sufficient to trigger blasting caps. Based on a conservative independent testing house analysis, we recommend keeping the GPR transmitters at least 5 feet (2m) from blasting cap leads as a precaution. Some customers do experimental trials with their particular blasting devices to confirm with safety. We strongly recommend that GPR users routinely working with explosive devices develop a systematic safety methodology in their work areas.
The UXO issue is more complex and standards on fuses do not exist for obvious reasons. To date, no problems have been reported with any geophysical instrument used for UXO. Since proximity and vibration are also critical for UXO, the best advice is to be cautious and understand the risks.
Appendix E: Wi-Fi Module
FCC Notice:
NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his/her own expense.
Industry Canada Notice:
This device complies with Industry Canada’s license-exempt RSSs. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) This device may not cause interference; and
(2) This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
Appendix F: Calibration
This Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system has been manufactured according to Sensors & Software’s strict quality standards. All components used in the manufacture of this product are obtained from qualified vendors.
This product has been through a stringent set of tests to ensure all quality requirements are met which includes final system calibration and configuration.
This system is equipped with built-in diagnostic tests. By running the tests and getting a passing result, you can be confident that the system is operating within specification. No further user calibration is required.
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